Noun: Noun
is the name of a person, place or thing (any thing that we can see ,hear, touch,
smell, taste or think) As: man, chair, school, noise, fever, milk, scent ,death
,etc.
Kinks: Nouns are of five kinds
i.
The proper Noun: The
proper noun is the name of a some particular person, thing or place. As: God,
the Holy Quran, Allama Iqbal, Lahore, etc.
ii.
The common Noun: A common Noun is
the name of a common person, place or thing. As: man ,city ,book, village,
table ,mother etc.
iii.
The collective Noun: It denotes a group of
persons or things as one whole. As:
army, team ,class, dozen, police, bazar, etc.
iv.
The material Noun: It is the name of a matter or substance of which any thing is made. As:
gold , iron, silver, cotton, milk ,clay , rice, etc.
v.
The Abstract Noun: It is the name of some quality ,state or
action. As: Honesty ,truth, wisdom, death, health, sickness, theft, hatred,
judgment. etc
2. THE PRONOUN: A pronoun is
a word used in place of a noun to avoid its repetition. As: He, She, it ,they
,I, we, you, etc.
Kinds: These are seven in number.
i.
The personal Pronoun : Personal Pronoun
are used for persons. The following is a table of these pronouns.
|
Persons
|
Numbers
|
Subjective
case
|
Possessive
case
|
Objective
case
|
Reflexive
case
|
|
I.
|
Singular
|
I
|
My _mine
|
Me
|
Myself
|
|
|
Plural
|
We
|
Our_
ours
|
Us
|
Ourselves
|
|
2.
|
Singular+
plural
|
You
|
Your_
yours
|
You
|
Yourself
or yourselves
|
|
3.
|
Singular
|
He
|
His
|
Him
|
Himself
|
|
She
|
Her_
hers
|
Her
|
Herself
|
||
|
It
|
Its
|
It
|
Itself
|
||
|
Plural
|
They
|
Their_ theirs
|
Them
|
Them
selves
|
ii.
Relative pronoun: A
relative pronoun is a word that does the work of a conjunction as well as a
pronoun. As: that , which, whose ,whom, who.
iii.
Indefinite pronoun: It
refers to a person or thing in a general
way and not to anything in particular. As: one, some, any body, many nobody
etc.
iv.
Demonstrative pronoun: It is used to point out the object to
which it refers. As: that, this ,these, those.
v.
Distributive Pronoun: It
refers to persons or things one at a time.
As: either, neither, each, every ,everyone, any one, none. etc.
vi.
Interrogative pronoun: An
interrogative pronoun is used in asking question. As: What, which, who, whom,
whose.
3. THE Adjective:
An adjective qualifies a noun or pronoun. It
adds something to its meaning. As: Good,
bad, beautiful, clever, ugly ,etc.
There are three degrees
of adjectives
1. positive degree
,2. comparative degree ,3.superlative degree
Kinds of adjectives:
i.
Adjectives of quality: It shows the
quality or state of a person or thing. As: rich, large, new ,dirty, hot, fresh,
etc.
ii.
Adjectives of quantity: It shows how
much of a thing is meant. As: some, enough, little, many ,half, third, etc.
iii.
Adjectives of Number: It shows how
many persons or things are meant. As: six, ninth, many few, any, etc.
iv.
Demonstratives Adjectives: It points out
which person or thing is meant. As: this ,that, these, those.
v.
Interrogative Adjectives: It is used with
nouns to ask a question. As: what, which, whose.
vi.
Possessive Adjectives: It is used
with nouns to show possession. As: my, your, his ,their ,etc.
vii.
Proper Adjectives:
It is formed form a proper noun. As: Pakistani
, American, English, etc.
4. THE VERB:
The verb expresses an
action of a noun. It tells or declares something about a noun or a pronoun. As:
write, read, sleep, laugh, weep, etc.
Kind of verbs:
There are only two kinds
of the verb.
(1) Transitive verb: As: He eats rice.
(2) Intransitive verb: As: He eats.
There are two more kinds of the verb in the next.
i.
Principal verb: As: write, eat, drink, etc.
ii.
Auxiliary or helping verb: As: Is, am, are ,was, were, has, have, had, will. Shall, can
,would ,should, could, do, does, did, etc.
NOTE:
i.
Present Participle:
When we add “ing” to the first form of the verb.
As: reading, sleeping is called present participle.
ii.
Past participle: It is
formed by adding “d, ed, t, en, ne” to the first form of the verb. As: heard, washed,
burnt, beaten, born, etc.
iii.
Perfect participle: It is form by
adding “having or having been” to the third form of the verb. It shows that an
action has just been completed.
i.
Gerund: when
the word formed by adding “ing” to the first form of the verb is used as a noun. It is called the Gerund. As: I hate
begging. Walking is a good exercise.
5. THE ADVERB
An adverb adds something to the meaning of any part of speech
except a noun or a pronoun. As: very, easily, badly. Fastly, slowly, etc.
Kind of Adverbs:
i.
Adverbs of time:
ago, before, again, already, after word, etc.
ii.
Adverbs of place: Above, around ,
aside, back word, front, every where, etc.
iii.
Adverbs of quantity:
Almost, also, enough, little, much, too, very, etc.
iv.
Adverbs of quality: manner or state, so, certainly, slowly. Well ,badly. etc.
v.
Adverbs of number: Again, always ,
firstly, never, once , often, twice, etc.
6. THE PREPOSITION:
It shows the relation of a noun or
pronoun with an other noun or pronoun. It is placed before a noun or pronoun.
As: In ,on, up, of ,off, over, upon, at , about, with, for, from, etc.
7. THE CONJUNCTION:
It joins words or sentences to each other. As: and ,but, not
only, as well as , too, either, neither, otherwise, etc.
8. THE INTERJECTION:
It expresses some sudden feelings or emotions. As: Hurrah, allas,
ha, ah ,o, oh, hullow, fie, pooh. etc.
9 THE ARTICLE:
The words which are used for common or specific things are
called articles. As: a , an , the.
Kind of Articals:
i.
Definite Artical: It points out
some particular person or thing . As: I saw the doctor.
ii.
Indefinic Articals: They (a, an)
generalize a noun. As:
It is a chair. It is an apple.
