Noun:    Noun is the name of a person, place or thing (any thing that we can see ,hear, touch, smell, taste or think) As: man, chair, school, noise, fever, milk, scent ,death ,etc.

Kinks:       Nouns  are of five kinds

 i.            The  proper  Noun:   The proper noun is the name of a some particular person, thing or place. As: God, the Holy Quran, Allama Iqbal, Lahore, etc.

ii.            The  common  Noun:    A common Noun is the name of a common person, place or thing. As: man ,city ,book, village, table ,mother etc.

iii.            The  collective  Noun:  It denotes a group of persons or things as one whole. As:  army, team ,class, dozen, police, bazar, etc.

iv.            The  material  Noun:            It is the name of a matter or  substance of which any thing is made. As: gold , iron, silver, cotton, milk ,clay , rice, etc.

v.            The  Abstract  Noun:             It is the name of some quality ,state or action. As: Honesty ,truth, wisdom, death, health, sickness, theft, hatred, judgment. etc

2.  THE  PRONOUN:   A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid its repetition. As: He, She, it ,they ,I, we, you, etc.

Kinds:         These are seven in number.

                         i.            The  personal  Pronoun :  Personal Pronoun are used for persons. The following is a table of these pronouns.

Persons	Numbers	Subjective case	Possessive case	Objective case	Reflexive case
I.	Singular	I	My _mine	Me	Myself
	Plural	We	Our_ ours	Us	Ourselves
2.	Singular+ plural	You	Your_ yours	You	Yourself or yourselves
3.	Singular	He	His	Him	Himself
		She	Her_ hers	Her	Herself
		It	Its	It	Itself
	Plural	They	Their_ theirs	Them	Them selves

                       ii.            Relative  pronoun:              A relative pronoun is a word that does the work of a conjunction as well as a pronoun. As: that , which, whose ,whom, who.

                    iii.            Indefinite   pronoun:         It refers to a  person or thing in a general way and not to anything in particular. As: one, some, any body, many nobody etc.

                    iv.            Demonstrative  pronoun:         It is used to point out the object to which it refers. As: that, this ,these, those.

                       v.            Distributive   Pronoun:     It refers to persons or things one at a time.  As: either, neither, each, every ,everyone, any one, none. etc.

                    vi.            Interrogative  pronoun:    An interrogative pronoun is used in asking question. As: What, which, who, whom, whose.

3.    THE   Adjective:

  An adjective qualifies a noun or pronoun. It adds something to its  meaning. As: Good, bad, beautiful, clever, ugly ,etc.

There are three degrees of adjectives

1.    positive degree ,2. comparative degree ,3.superlative degree

Kinds of adjectives:

                                                 i.            Adjectives  of  quality:  It shows the quality or state of a person or thing. As: rich, large, new ,dirty, hot, fresh, etc.

                                               ii.            Adjectives  of  quantity:   It shows how much of a thing is meant. As: some, enough, little, many ,half, third, etc.

                                            iii.            Adjectives of  Number:     It shows how many persons or things are meant. As: six, ninth, many few, any, etc.

                                            iv.            Demonstratives  Adjectives:    It points out which person or thing is meant. As: this ,that, these, those.

                                               v.            Interrogative  Adjectives:  It is used with nouns to ask a question. As: what, which, whose.

                                            vi.            Possessive  Adjectives:  It is used with nouns to show possession. As: my, your, his ,their ,etc.

                                          vii.            Proper  Adjectives:    It is formed form a proper noun. As: Pakistani , American, English, etc.

                     4.    THE   VERB:

The verb expresses an action of a noun. It tells or declares something about a noun or a pronoun. As: write, read, sleep, laugh, weep, etc.

Kind  of   verbs:

There are only two kinds of the verb.

(1)  Transitive  verb:   As: He eats rice.

(2)  Intransitive  verb:   As: He eats.

There are two more  kinds of the verb in the next.

                                                                         i.            Principal  verb: As: write, eat, drink, etc.

                                                                       ii.            Auxiliary  or  helping  verb: As: Is, am, are ,was, were, has, have, had, will. Shall, can ,would ,should, could, do, does, did, etc.

NOTE:

                                                       i.            Present  Participle:   When we add “ing” to the first form of the verb. As: reading, sleeping is called present participle.

                                                     ii.            Past  participle:       It is formed by adding “d, ed, t, en, ne” to the first form of the verb. As: heard, washed, burnt, beaten, born, etc.

                                                  iii.            Perfect  participle:  It is form by adding “having or having been” to the third form of the verb. It shows that an action has just been completed.

                                                       i.            Gerund:   when the word formed by adding “ing” to the first form of the verb is used as a  noun. It is called the Gerund. As: I hate begging. Walking is a good exercise.

5. THE  ADVERB

An adverb adds something to the meaning of any part of speech except a noun or a pronoun. As: very, easily, badly. Fastly, slowly, etc.

Kind  of  Adverbs:

                                                       i.            Adverbs  of  time:  ago, before, again, already, after word, etc.

                                                     ii.            Adverbs  of  place:  Above, around , aside, back word, front, every where, etc.

                                                  iii.            Adverbs  of  quantity:  Almost, also, enough, little, much, too, very, etc.

                                                  iv.            Adverbs  of  quality:  manner or  state, so, certainly, slowly. Well ,badly. etc.

                                                     v.            Adverbs  of  number:  Again, always , firstly, never, once , often, twice, etc.

6.      THE   PREPOSITION:

It shows the relation of a noun or pronoun with an other noun or pronoun. It is placed before a noun or pronoun. As: In ,on, up, of ,off, over, upon, at , about, with, for, from, etc.

7.      THE  CONJUNCTION:

It joins words or sentences to each other. As: and ,but, not only, as well as , too, either, neither, otherwise, etc.

8.      THE  INTERJECTION:

It expresses some sudden feelings or emotions. As: Hurrah, allas, ha, ah ,o, oh, hullow, fie, pooh. etc.

                    9                 THE  ARTICLE:

The words which are used for common or specific things are called articles. As: a , an , the.

Kind  of  Articals:

                                                       i.            Definite  Artical:   It points out some particular person or thing . As: I saw the doctor.

                                                     ii.            Indefinic  Articals:  They (a, an) generalize a noun. As:

It is a  chair.  It is an apple.